Use of support vector machine and cellular automata methods to evaluate impact of irrigation project on LULC

Land use and land cover (LULC) both define the earth's surface both anthropogenically and naturally. It helps maintain global balance but changes in land use create inequality. The LULC modification adversely affects physical parameters such as infiltration, groundwater recharge, surface runoff, ground temperature, and air quality. It is high time to monitor land use changes globally. Remote sensing and GIS techniques help to monitor these changes with a low budget and time. Various types of LULC classifiers have been invented to classify the LULC types. Maximum likelihood is a popular LULC classifier, but nowadays, support vector machine (SVM) classifier is gaining popularity because it provides a more accurate LULC than the maximum likelihood classifier. Therefore, in this study, the SVM classification technique has been applied to produce good accuracy LULC maps. Using the SVM classifier, six LULC maps are produced from 1995 to 2020 for the Shali reservoir area in India which is a medium irrigation project irrigating ~ 3211 hectares of land per year. It plays an important role in the agricultural production of the region by providing irrigation water in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The impact of LULC change on the environment is also studied. The LULC forecast maps are also created using the cellular automata (CA) model and MOLUSCE plugin. Kappa coefficient and validation methods are used to validate the LULC and simulated maps. Both maps produce high accuracy with a kappa coefficient of 0.9. Secondary data, collected from the governmental gazette, such as population, crop production, and water level is also used to justify the results. The simulated map shows that 4% of agricultural land and built-up area may increase from 2020 to 2030. Overall, it has been proven that the SVM and CA models can produce accurate classified results.