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Hybridoma Technology

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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
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Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation,...

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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes

Published on: February 28, 2020

Biohybrid robots: recent progress, challenges, and perspectives.

Victoria A Webster-Wood¹, Maria Guix^2,3, Nicole W Xu⁴

¹Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering (by courtesy), McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15116, United States of America.

Bioinspiration & Biomimetics

|October 20, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Biohybrid robotics merges synthetic parts with living tissues, creating adaptable machines. This review covers progress and future challenges in microorganism-bots, cyborgs, and tissue-based robots.

Keywords:

biohybrid cyborg living machines

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Last Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes

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Published on: February 28, 2020

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Published on: July 8, 2013

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

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Published on: October 14, 2017

Area of Science:

Biohybrid Robotics
Biomedical Engineering
Synthetic Biology

Background:

The field of biohybrid robotics has rapidly expanded over the last decade.
This interdisciplinary field combines engineered synthetic components with living biological materials.
Recent advances harness biological capabilities like muscle adaptability, sensory cell sensitivity, and neural computation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide historical context for key subareas of biohybrid robotics.
To review advancements in microorganism-bots, sperm-bots, cyborgs, and tissue-based robots over the past decade.
To identify critical challenges and propose future directions for autonomous living machines.

Main Methods:

Historical review of biohybrid robotics literature.
Analysis of advancements in microorganism-bots, sperm-bots, cyborgs, and tissue-based robots.
Perspective-based discussion on future challenges and opportunities.

Main Results:

Significant progress has been made in integrating biological components with synthetic systems.
Key subareas like microorganism-bots, cyborgs, and tissue-based robots have shown notable development.
The field is transitioning from science fiction to practical science and engineering.

Conclusions:

Biohybrid robotics offers novel solutions by leveraging biological adaptability and computation.
Critical challenges remain in developing fully autonomous living machines.
Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges to realize the potential of biohybrid systems.