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We studied hard spheres with energy-conserving collisions that break time-reversal symmetry. Simulations reveal long-ranged velocity correlations in the resulting nonequilibrium fluid, matching theoretical predictions for such systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Time-reversal symmetry is a fundamental concept in equilibrium statistical mechanics.
  • Understanding non-equilibrium systems is crucial for explaining phenomena far from equilibrium.
  • Previous studies observed long-ranged correlations in driven or non-stationary systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize a hard sphere system with a novel collision rule.
  • To investigate the properties of the emergent stationary state.
  • To analyze velocity correlations in a non-equilibrium fluid.

Main Methods:

  • Computer simulations of hard spheres with energy-conserving, time-reversal-breaking collisions.
  • Comparison of simulation results with an approximate theoretical model.
  • Analysis of velocity correlations and their range in D dimensions.

Main Results:

  • The system reaches an achiral, isotropic, and homogeneous stationary state.
  • Velocity correlations were observed in the non-equilibrium fluid state.
  • These correlations exhibit long-range behavior, decaying as 1/r^D.

Conclusions:

  • The studied collision rule generates a unique non-equilibrium stationary state.
  • Long-ranged velocity correlations are a general feature of such states, even without external driving.
  • The findings align with theoretical expectations for systems far from equilibrium.