Current challenges for doctors in India: Deprofessionalisation, reprofessionalisation or fragmentation?

Western-trained doctors in India struggled to establish themselves as a medical 'profession' in the 1920s and 1930s and these struggles continued into the post-colonial period. The direction of travel is, however, no longer clear. Increasing evidence of a crisis in doctors' collective ability to provide a form of self-regulation since 2000 is highlighted. India's Supreme Court suspended the operations of their country's medical councils in the face of a proliferation of poorly regulated private medical colleges. Practitioners of alternative systems of medicine and unqualified medical practice continue, while new 'short-course' doctors take over tasks previously restricted to fully fledged MBBS doctors. The diversification of the social origins of medical students, with rising numbers of doctors from a wider range of social backgrounds, threatens their aspirations to high status. There is little diminution of the earnings of elite doctors, yet their conditions of work are increasingly constrained by financial targets. Young doctors face uncertain futures. This article analyses the increasingly diverse occupational positions of doctors in India using a Bourdieusian lens and asks whether an alternative, stable form of institutional arrangements is emerging, as some have claimed, or if fragmentation is a more apt description.