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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

639
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
639
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
214
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

488
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
488
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

250
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
250

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
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Pembrolizumab for all.

Myung S Kim1, Vinay Prasad2

  • 1Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
|October 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pembrolizumab

Keywords:
BiomarkerHealth PolicyImmunotherapyOncology drug approvalPD-L1

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Current pembrolizumab indications are complex, stemming from numerous clinical trials.
  • Aggregate response rates in approved indications are low, especially in real-world settings.

Discussion:

  • Heterogeneity in response to checkpoint inhibitors and limited biomarkers suggest potential benefits beyond current indications.
  • The existing regulatory framework for approvals is inefficient and redundant.

Key Insights:

  • Expanding pembrolizumab use to any advanced solid tumor, regardless of type or line of therapy, may improve outcomes.
  • A fixed treatment duration, guided by tumor type and response, is proposed.

Outlook:

  • Future clinical trials should prioritize determining optimal treatment durations rather than expanding narrow indications.
  • This approach could enhance patient outcomes and streamline immunotherapy use.