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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
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Three-dimensional quantification of skeletal midfacial complex symmetry.

Nermin Morgan1,2, Sohaib Shujaat3,4, Omid Jazil3

  • 1OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 bus 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. nermin.morgan@kuleuven.be.

International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery
|October 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study quantified midfacial skeletal symmetry in 100 patients using 3D models from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Results show symmetry within 1 mm, supporting mirroring techniques for reconstructive surgery planning.

Keywords:
Automatic segmentationCBCTMidfacial complexMirroring reconstructive surgeriesSymmetryVirtual surgical planning

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Computational Anatomy

Background:

  • Skeletal symmetry is crucial for reconstructive surgery, using the healthy side as a reference.
  • Accurate quantification of facial skeletal symmetry aids in restoring unilateral defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To three-dimensionally assess the skeletal midfacial complex symmetry in skeletal class I patients.
  • To evaluate the clinical applicability of using mirroring techniques for reconstructive surgery.

Main Methods:

  • 100 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans (50 males, 50 females; age 19-40) were analyzed.
  • Automated 3D virtual models of the midfacial complex were created using a convolutional neural network (CNN).
  • Skeletal symmetry was quantified by mirroring and registering models, comparing surfaces using color-coded conformance mapping.

Main Results:

  • The mean difference between true and mirrored models was 0.14 ± 0.12 mm, with an RMS difference of 0.87 ± 0.21 mm.
  • Female patients exhibited significantly greater midfacial symmetry (mean diff: 0.11 ± 0.1 mm) than male patients (mean diff: 0.16 ± 0.13 mm).
  • No significant left-right asymmetry was observed, regardless of gender.

Conclusions:

  • Midfacial skeletal symmetry was found to be within a clinically acceptable range (<1 mm), validating the mirroring technique.
  • The study provides reference data for surgeons planning reconstructive procedures and assessing outcomes.
  • The findings support the use of contralateral side mirroring in unilateral reconstructive surgery.