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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs01:28

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Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review.

James J Gattuso1,2, Daniel Perkins3,1,4,5, Simon Ruffell6

  • 1MDHS, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
|October 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Psychedelics acutely disrupt the Default Mode Network (DMN), a brain network linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. This review critically evaluates how LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca modulate the DMN, exploring its role in psychedelic experiences.

Keywords:
DMNLSDPsychedelicsayahuascaconnectivitypsilocybin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychopharmacology

Background:

  • Psychedelics induce profound psychological and mystical experiences.
  • The Default Mode Network (DMN) is implicated in self-referencing and neuropsychiatric conditions.
  • Altered DMN connectivity is observed in depression, anxiety, PTSD, and schizophrenia.

Approach:

  • Systematic review of studies on classical psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca) and the DMN.
  • Critically evaluates how these agents modulate DMN resting-state connectivity.
  • Synthesizes current knowledge on DMN modulation by psychedelics.

Key Points:

  • Consistent acute disruption of DMN resting-state connectivity across psychedelics.
  • Increased functional connectivity between canonical resting-state networks observed.
  • DMN modulation is a proposed mechanism in psychedelic cognitive models.

Conclusions:

  • The DMN is consistently implicated in psychedelic research.
  • The precise role of DMN modulation in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics requires further elucidation.
  • This review provides a foundation for future research into psychedelic neurocognitive mechanisms.