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Marine oil snow (MOSSFA) enrichment best explains increased benthic invertebrate biomass following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Predator release also contributed, while nutrient loading had minimal impact on the affected food web.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Marine ecology
  • Ecosystem modeling
  • Environmental toxicology

Background:

  • Benthic macrofauna and meiofauna abundances increased with sediment oil concentration after the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill.
  • Benthic invertebrate biomass exhibited a dome-shaped relationship with hydrocarbon concentrations, increasing at low-to-medium levels and decreasing at high levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate and evaluate three potential mechanisms explaining observed changes in the benthic invertebrate community following the DWH oil spill.
  • To assess the roles of nutrient loading, marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA), and predator release in the benthic food web response.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Atlantis ecosystem model of the Gulf of Mexico to simulate three distinct scenarios.
  • Scenario 1: Nutrient loading from Mississippi River diversion.
  • Scenario 2: Detrital enrichment via MOSSFA.
  • Scenario 3: Predator release due to declines or avoidance of oiled areas.

Main Results:

  • MOSSFA (Scenario 2) best simulated a detritus-driven food web, leading to a net increase in invertebrate biomass despite oil toxicity.
  • Predator release (Scenario 3) plausibly contributed to observed changes in benthic invertebrates.
  • Nutrient loading (Scenario 1) had minimal impact, suggesting benthic food webs are decoupled from local pelagic production.

Conclusions:

  • Marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) is the most likely driver of increased benthic invertebrate biomass post-DWH.
  • Predator-prey dynamics were also a significant factor in the benthic community's response.
  • The study highlights the complex, spatially extensive food web responses to major oil spills and the need for multispecies, long-term impact modeling.