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Related Concept Videos

Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
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Modulation of the high-order chromatin structure by Polycomb complexes.

Yiran Guo1,2,3, Gang Greg Wang1,2,3,4

  • 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRC) 1 and 2 regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. Advanced imaging and sequencing reveal their role in 3D genome organization and development.

Keywords:
CTCFH3K27me3Polycomb associated domainPolycomb repressive complexchromatin loopingcohesinphase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRC) 1 and 2 are crucial epigenetic regulators.
  • They maintain chromatin in a repressed state, impacting cell development.
  • Understanding their role in 3D genome organization is an evolving field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding Polycomb complex functions.
  • To highlight their role in modulating higher-order chromatin structure and topology.
  • To emphasize the multifaceted roles of Polycomb proteins in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature.
  • Focus on deep sequencing and imaging-based technologies.
  • Analysis of studies mapping 3D chromatin organization.

Main Results:

  • PRC complexes mediate long-range chromatin contacts and DNA looping.
  • These complexes are key in defining chromatin structure and topology.
  • Polycomb proteins play diverse roles in genome regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Polycomb complexes are essential for establishing and maintaining gene silencing.
  • Advances in 3D chromatin mapping have elucidated PRC-mediated regulatory mechanisms.
  • Further research into Polycomb proteins will deepen our understanding of gene and genome regulation.