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Obesity01:24

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
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Parental obesity-induced changes in developmental programming.

Laura R Cechinel1, Rachael A Batabyal1, Robert J Freishtat1

  • 1Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 24, 2022
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Parental obesity can disrupt offspring metabolism during development, increasing their risk for adult metabolic syndrome. Understanding these critical developmental changes is vital for preventing inherited metabolic disorders.

Keywords:
adipogenesisappetite regulationdevelopmental programmingepigenteicsextracellular vesiclesobesitypancreatic developmnentplacentation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Metabolic Syndrome Research

Background:

  • Parental obesity is increasingly linked to metabolic syndrome in offspring.
  • Rising obesity rates in childbearing individuals correlate with increased metabolic syndrome in descendants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how parental obesity alters offspring metabolism through critical developmental processes.
  • To identify key developmental stages susceptible to parental obesity's metabolic programming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human and animal model studies on parental obesity and offspring metabolism.
  • Focus on developmental processes including gamete formation, placentation, and organ development.
  • Analysis of epigenetic modifications induced by parental obesity.

Main Results:

  • Parental obesity induces maladaptive metabolic changes during key developmental phases.
  • Impacts observed in gamete formation, placentation, adipogenesis, pancreas, and brain appetite circuits.
  • Epigenetic alterations contribute to long-term metabolic consequences in offspring.

Conclusions:

  • Parental obesity initiates long-term metabolic alterations in offspring via developmental programming.
  • Multiple developmental exposures amplify offspring susceptibility to metabolic syndrome.
  • Interventions targeting developmental programming are crucial to break the cycle of inherited metabolic disorders.