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Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...

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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

Published on: November 9, 2015

Time-Integrated Bioavailability Proxy for Actinides in a Contaminated Estuary.

Joshua D Chaplin¹, Marcus Christl², Andrew B Cundy³

¹Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1 Rue du Grand-Pré, Lausanne 1007, Switzerland.

ACS ES&T Water

|October 24, 2022

Summary

Concentration factors (CFs) for actinides in aquatic life vary widely. Using time-integrated bioavailability measurements, like diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), offers a more accurate assessment of bioaccumulation and associated risks.

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Last Updated: Aug 24, 2025

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Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

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Published on: December 4, 2016

Area of Science:

Environmental chemistry
Radiological protection
Marine biology

Background:

Actinides in aquatic biota pose radiological and biotoxicological risks to humans.
Current concentration factor (CF) estimations show high variability, limiting accurate radiation dose modeling.
Existing methods rely on spot samples, which may not reflect long-term bioavailable concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) as a predictor for actinide bioaccumulation.
To compare CFs derived from DGT-labile fractions versus bulk water samples.
To assess the bioaccumulation of uranium, plutonium, and americium in the Esk Estuary.

Main Methods:

Deployment of advanced DGT techniques to measure time-integrated labile actinide fractions.
Cross-flow ultrafiltration of seawater to compare DGT-labile fraction with bulk concentration.
Sequential elution of *Fucus vesiculosis* to determine radionuclide internalization and binding.

Main Results:

Significant discrepancies were observed between CF values calculated using spot sampling and DGT measurements.
DGT-based CFs suggest potential underestimation by traditional spot sampling methods.
Uranium showed preferential internalization and strong intracellular binding in *Fucus vesiculosis*.

Conclusions:

Time-integrated bioavailability proxies, such as DGT, provide a more accurate measure of actinide bioaccumulation.
Revision of current CF values using bioavailability-based methods is recommended for improved risk assessment.
Enhanced understanding of actinide bioavailability is crucial for public health protection through seafood consumption.