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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

183
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
183
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

479
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
479
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
512
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

270
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
270
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

258
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
258
Vygotsky's Cognitive Development in Cultural Context01:22

Vygotsky's Cognitive Development in Cultural Context

174
Lev Vygotsky, a pioneering Russian psychologist, developed a theory of cognitive development that centers on the influence of social and cultural factors. Unlike Jean Piaget, who emphasized the child's direct interaction with the physical world as key to development, Vygotsky argued that cognitive growth is an interpersonal process that unfolds within a cultural context. For Vygotsky, a child's learning cannot be separated from their social environment, which includes the values,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology
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Engaging learners in synchronous online learning.

Qiyun Wang1, Yun Wen1, Choon Lang Quek1

  • 1Learning Sciences and Assessment Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616 Singapore, Singapore.

Education and Information Technologies
|October 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engaging adult learners in synchronous online learning is crucial for educational success. Key strategies involve instructor-learner interaction, relevant content, interactive activities, and informal communication, with instructors, learners, and content being core engagement factors.

Keywords:
EngagementSocial connectednessSynchronous online learningTechnologyVideo conferencing

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Technology
  • Online Learning Pedagogy

Background:

  • Learner engagement is vital for positive educational outcomes.
  • Engaging students in online learning environments presents unique challenges.
  • A conceptual framework of five factors (instructors, learners, content, technology, environments) was developed to address these challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore effective strategies for engaging adult learners in synchronous online learning.
  • To investigate the applicability of a five-factor conceptual framework in real-world online classrooms.
  • To identify key elements that influence learner engagement in virtual educational settings.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 55 adult learners across four synchronous online classes.
  • Implementation of specific engagement strategies based on the conceptual framework.
  • Data collection through a 38-item Likert scale survey and an open-ended question.
  • Mixed-methods analysis combining quantitative and qualitative data.

Main Results:

  • Instructors, learners, and content emerged as the most significant factors influencing engagement.
  • Technology and environmental factors had a comparatively lesser impact on learner engagement.
  • Effective strategies included frequent instructor-peer interaction, practice-relevant content, interactive activities (discussions, feedback), and informal learner conversations.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the primary importance of instructor, learner, and content factors in synchronous online engagement.
  • Technology and environment are secondary but still relevant considerations for online learning design.
  • Future research should focus on enhancing online discussions, fostering social connection, and automated engagement monitoring.