The association between electronic cigarettes, sleep duration, and the adverse cardiovascular outcomes: Findings from...

The joint effect of electronic cigarette smoking and insufficient sleep duration on cardiovascular disease (CVD) was unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between electronic cigarettes, sleep duration, and risk of CVD among American adults. The participants who completed the survey from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 2020 were included in this study. The status of electronic cigarette smoking was divided into never, former, and current use. The duration of sleep was categorized into insufficient (<6 h), appropriate (6-9 h), and excessive (>9 h) groups. The CVD group was defined as a patient having any of the following conditions: heart attack, coronary heart disease, or stroke according to self-report. The multivariate logistic regression model was adopted to determine the association between electronic cigarettes, sleep duration, and the risk of CVD. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the joint effects on the risk of CVD subtypes, including heart attack, coronary heart disease, and strokes, respectively. Subgroup analyses were performed to estimate the joint effects within the stratum of the age group. The total number of participants included in the present study was 253,561. Of which, 22,908 patients had CVD. In total, 61,293 participants had previously or currently used electronic cigarettes and 37,429 participants had inappropriate sleep duration. Former electronic cigarette users had a 10.8% increased risk of having CVD (OR = 1.108, 95% CI: 1.001-1.227) compared to users who never had electronic cigarettes. Insufficient and excessive sleep durations are associated with increased risks of CVD (OR = 1.592, 95% CI: 1.460-1.735; OR = 1.523, 95% CI: 1.320-1.758). The participants with current vaping status and lack of sleep had a 159.6% increased risk of CVD (OR = 2.596, 95% CI: 1.810-3.723). Sensitivity analyses found similar joint effects of current vaping and insufficient sleep on the risk of heart attack, coronary heart attack, and stroke. The subgroup analyses across each age stratum found that the middle-aged group is most vulnerable to the joint effect of current vaping and insufficient sleep. This study found that both current vaping and inappropriate sleep duration were associated with CVD. Additionally, there was a significant joint effect of current vaping and insufficient sleep on the risk of CVD, especially for middle-aged participants.