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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
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Recurrent Hippocampo-neocortical sleep-state divergence in humans.

Rockelle S Jang1,2, Davide Ciliberti3, Emily A Mankin3

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Human brain sleep may not be a unified state. Research shows the neocortex and hippocampus can have different sleep states simultaneously, challenging previous assumptions about global brain sleep coordination.

Keywords:
asynchronous sleepdreamingintracranial EEGregional sleepscalp EEG

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Sleep is traditionally viewed as a global brain state coordinated by central nervous system centers.
  • Observations of unihemispheric sleep in animals and regional sleep in rodents suggest localized brain states may occur.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether different brain regions in humans can exhibit distinct sleep states concurrently.
  • To challenge the assumption of a unitary global sleep state in the human brain.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from scalp electrodes (neocortex) and depth electrodes in the hippocampus.
  • Analysis of independent sleep states in the neocortex and hippocampus in eight human subjects with epilepsy.

Main Results:

  • The human neocortex and hippocampus exhibited nonsimultaneous sleep states for approximately one-third of the night.
  • The hippocampus frequently initiated asynchronous state transitions compared to the neocortex.
  • Nonsimultaneous sleep bouts ranged from 30 seconds to over 30 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • The human brain may not always maintain a globally synchronized sleep state.
  • Previous studies relying solely on cortical surface recordings may not fully capture the complexity of brain-wide sleep dynamics.
  • Findings necessitate a re-evaluation of sleep functions and regulatory mechanisms across different brain regions.