Microplastics in Malaysian bottled water brands: Occurrence and potential human exposure

The World Health Organization noted that there is a growing need to determine the occurrence of microplastics in bottled water and its potential risks to human health. Thus, present study analyzes microplastics in eight major bottled water brands available in Malaysia and estimates the potential human exposure. Membrane filtration method followed by visual and polymer identifications were utilized to identify microplastics particles in these eight major bottled water brands. Microplastic concentrations in bottled water samples ranged from 8 to 22 particles/L, with an average of 11.7 ± 4.6 particles/L. Particle sizes ranging between 100 and 300 μm were dominant and accounted for approximately 31% in these bottled water brands. Fragments were the most identified microplastics in bottled water with transparent color being the most prevalent. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) polymer types found in this study are consistent with prior results in that microplastics in bottled water are mainly derived from packaging materials and bottle caps. The Estimated Dietary Intake (EDI) for adults was between 0.068 and 0.19 particle/kg/day, while the EDI for children was between 0.089 and 0.25 particle/kg/day. Although consumption of bottled water was estimated to have low EDI values, the potential risks to human health should be heeded due to the presence of numerous plastic additives and residual monomers in these particles, which have the potential to increase inflammatory reactions and cytotoxicity in human body. Future studies should concentrate on understanding microplastics particles less than 1.5 μm and other associated factors (bottled material quality, consumption behaviour, bottled water storage conditions, and the frequency of bottle opening and closing) to further understand the effects of these microplastics particles on human toxicological aspects.