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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Preparation of a Non-Cardiomyocyte Cell Suspension for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing from a Post-Myocardial Infarction Adult Mouse Heart
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Myocardial Injury and Altered Gene Expression Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection or mRNA Vaccination.

Natasha L Altman1, Amber A Berning2, Cara E Saxon3

  • 1Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

JACC. Basic to Translational Science
|October 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines utilize the Spike protein to enter cells. Myocardial injury in patients after COVID-19 infection or vaccination showed similar gene expression changes linked to inflammation and heart dysfunction.

Keywords:
ACE, angiotensin I–converting enzyme geneACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 geneAGT, angiotensinogen geneAGTR1, angiotensin II receptor type 1 geneANG II, angiotensin IIBNP, B-type natriuretic peptideCMR, cardiac magnetic resonanceCOVID-19EM, electron microscopyF3, coagulation factor III (tissue factor) geneITGA5, integrin subunit alpha 5 geneIVS, interventricular septumLGE, late gadolinium enhancementLM, light microscopyLV, left ventricularLVEF, left ventricular ejection fractionNDC, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathyNPPB, natriuretic peptide B geneRV, right ventricularS, SARS-CoV-2 SpikeTnI, troponin Igene expressionmRNA vaccinesmyocardial injurymyocarditis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 uses its Spike protein to bind angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells.
  • Myocardial injury, including myocarditis, is a known complication of both COVID-19 infection and mRNA vaccination.
  • Isolated Spike protein has demonstrated potential for cellular damage and altered gene expression in model systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare gene expression alterations in patients with myocardial injury following COVID-19 infection versus mRNA vaccination.
  • To identify common molecular pathways contributing to cardiac dysfunction in these patient groups.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression profiles in myocardial tissue samples from patients diagnosed with myocardial injury.
  • Comparison of findings between a cohort of 7 COVID-19 patients and 6 post-mRNA vaccination patients.

Main Results:

  • Nearly identical alterations in gene expression were observed in both COVID-19 and post-mRNA vaccination patient groups.
  • These shared alterations indicate a predisposition to inflammation, coagulopathy, and myocardial dysfunction.
  • The findings suggest a common mechanism of cardiac injury mediated by the Spike protein.

Conclusions:

  • The Spike protein, whether from infection or vaccination, may induce similar molecular changes in the heart.
  • These changes predispose individuals to inflammation, blood clotting issues, and impaired heart function.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the long-term cardiac implications of Spike protein exposure.