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Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

A 2.75 V ammonium-based dual-ion battery.

Zhiming Zhao¹, Yongjiu Lei¹, Lin Shi¹

¹Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|October 25, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel metal-free ammonium-based dual-ion battery achieves a record 2.75V operation. This sustainable battery offers durable longevity and high energy density, overcoming previous limitations in ammonium-ion battery development.

Keywords:

Dual-Ion Battery High-Voltage Electrolyte Metal-Free Battery Organic Ammonium-Ion Battery

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Sustainable Energy

Background:

Metal-ion batteries face environmental and economic challenges due to reliance on scarce metals.
Ammonium-ion batteries (AIBs) show promise but are hindered by ammonium ion (NH4+) reduction and lack of suitable cathodes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a sustainable, metal-free ammonium-based dual-ion battery.
To achieve a high operating voltage and overcome limitations in current AIB technology.

Main Methods:

Designed a dual-ion battery utilizing graphite cathode and PTCDI anode.
Employed a customized organic ammonium electrolyte.
Investigated reversible anion (PF6-) and cation (NH4+) intercalation mechanisms.

Main Results:

Achieved a record-breaking operation voltage of 2.75V.
Demonstrated durable cycling stability exceeding 1000 cycles.
Obtained a high energy density of 200 Wh/kg.
Circumvented NH4+ reduction susceptibility.

Conclusions:

The developed ammonium-based dual-ion battery offers a sustainable alternative to metal-ion batteries.
High-voltage operation is crucial for AIB development to avoid NH4+ reduction.
This work paves the way for advanced, high-performance ammonium-ion energy storage.