Application of tumor-educated platelets as new fluid biopsy markers in various tumors

The incidence of malignant tumors is increasing year by year. Early detection and diagnosis of malignant tumors can improve the prognosis of patients and prolong their life. Pathological biopsy is the current gold standard for diagnosis, but the results of pathological biopsy are affected by the sampling site and cannot fully reflect the nature of the disease. Moreover, the invasive nature of pathological biopsy limits repeated detection. Liquid biopsies are non-invasive and can be used for early detection and monitoring of tumors, which considered to represent a promising tool. Platelets make themselves to be one of the richest liquid biopsy sources by the capacity to take up proteins and nucleic acids and alter their megakaryocyte-derived transcripts and proteins in response to external signals, which are called tumor-educated platelets (TEPs). In this article, we will review the application of tumor-educated platelets in various malignancies (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, pancreas cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma) and provide theoretical basis for the research of TEPs in tumor diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.