P-block atom modified Sn(200) surface as a promising electrocatalyst for two-electron CO₂ reduction: a...

Low activity and poor product selectivity of CO₂ reduction have seriously hampered its further practical application. Introducing p-block atoms to the catalyst is regarded as a promising strategy due to the versatility of p orbitals and diversity of p-block elements. Here, we systematically studied the influence of p-block atom X (X = C, N, O, S, and Se) on CO₂ catalytic properties on a Sn(200) surface by first-principles calculation. Our work shows that all the p-block atoms are relative stable with E_f in the range of -5.11 to -3.59 eV. Further calculation demonstrates that the diversity of the p-block atoms results in unique CO₂ electrocatalytic activity and product selectivity. Interestingly, the p-block C atom shows bi-functional activity to form two-electron products HCOOH and CO, with the corresponding energy barriers remarkably low at about 0.19 eV and 0.28 eV. In particular, the p-block S(Se) atom appears to have striking HCOOH selectivity, with the energy barrier to form HCOOH only a quarter of that to form the CO product. This unusual behavior is mainly attributed to the adsorption strength and frontier orbital interaction between the p-block atom and intermediates. These findings can effectively provide a valuable insight into the design of highly efficient CO₂ electrocatalyst.