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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Radiosensitivity of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung Cancer Cell Lines
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Redox-Regulation in Cancer Stem Cells.

Uwe Lendeckel1, Carmen Wolke1

  • 1Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.

Biomedicines
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) resist therapy by maintaining low reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels through antioxidant pathways. Understanding these mechanisms is key to overcoming cancer recurrence and improving treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
CD13Nrf2-sinalingROSSonic Hedgehog signalingWnt-signalingantioxidant signaling pathwayscancer stem celldrug resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small, slow-dividing cell population with tumor-initiating capacity.
  • CSCs possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities, forming diverse tumor cell populations.
  • CSCs exhibit inherent resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, leading to disease recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the cellular sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CSCs.
  • To outline the antioxidant pathways utilized by CSCs for survival.
  • To explore mechanisms by which CSCs overcome therapeutic resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on CSC biology and resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of cellular ROS production and antioxidant defense systems in CSCs.
  • Examination of stemness markers, sphere formation, and in vivo tumor growth.

Main Results:

  • CSCs maintain low intracellular ROS levels via enhanced antioxidant pathway activity.
  • Stemness is characterized by specific markers, sphere formation, in vivo tumorigenicity, and therapeutic resistance.
  • Antioxidant pathways are crucial for CSC survival and resistance to treatments.

Conclusions:

  • CSCs' resistance to therapy is linked to their ability to maintain low ROS levels.
  • Targeting antioxidant pathways in CSCs may offer novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Understanding CSC stemness mechanisms is vital for preventing tumor recurrence.