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Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers-A Review

Mohammad Irfan1, Alhomidi Almotiri1, Zeyad Abdullah AlZeyadi1

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Ad Dawadmi 17464, Saudi Arabia.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat impacting human health, livestock, agriculture, and ecosystems. Addressing AMR requires understanding its environmental spread and implementing comprehensive mitigation strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Public health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses significant risks to healthcare, including mortality and financial burdens.
  • The spread of AMR is influenced by human, livestock, agricultural, and ecosystem factors.
  • Sociocultural and financial practices complicate AMR management globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development processes of AMR.
  • To examine the global burden and drivers of AMR.
  • To identify knowledge gaps, monitoring methods, and mitigation strategies for AMR in the environment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of AMR development, spread, and control.
  • Analysis of environmental pathways for AMR transmission (e.g., hospital effluent, agricultural waste).
  • Examination of antibiotic overuse and wastewater management's role.

Main Results:

  • Identified multiple environmental pathways contributing to AMR spread.
  • Highlighted the role of uncontrolled antibiotic use and wastewater.
  • Noted that healthcare organizations are in early stages of addressing AMR.

Conclusions:

  • Effective AMR management necessitates a One Health approach considering all four domains.
  • Environmental surveillance and integrated mitigation strategies are crucial.
  • Further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps in AMR monitoring and control.
Keywords:
antibioticsantimicrobial resistancebiocidesenvironmental driverspublic healthspread of resistance

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