Optimization of Phlorizin Extraction from Annurca Apple Tree Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

Area of Science:

• * Phytochemistry
• * Nutraceutical Science
• * Process Optimization

Background:

• * Phlorizin, a plant-derived compound, exhibits significant anti-diabetic properties.
• * Apple tree leaves (AALs) are a sustainable and abundant source for phlorizin extraction.
• * Optimizing extraction is crucial for developing phlorizin-based nutraceuticals for glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To optimize the phlorizin extraction process from Annurca apple tree leaves (AALs) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
• * To characterize the phenolic profile of the optimized extract.
• * To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-glycation potential of the optimized Annurca apple leaves extract (OAALE) for nutraceutical applications.

Main Methods:

• * Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize phlorizin extraction parameters (solvent composition, temperature, time).
• * High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-HESI-MS/MS) was used for phenolic compound identification and quantification.
• * In vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) inhibition assay were conducted.

Main Results:

• * Optimized extraction conditions yielded a maximum phlorizin concentration of 126.89 ± 7.579 mg/g DW.
• * The optimized Annurca apple leaves extract (OAALE) contained twenty-three identified phenolic molecules, with fifteen quantified.
• * OAALE demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and potent inhibition of advanced glycation end-products (IC50 = 0.330 mg/mL).

Conclusions:

• * The optimized extraction process effectively yields high concentrations of phlorizin from AALs.
• * OAALE possesses significant antioxidant and anti-glycation properties, supporting its potential as a functional ingredient in nutraceuticals for diabetes management.
• * This study highlights the nutraceutical value of apple tree leaves as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds.