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A Study on the Nature of SARS-CoV-2 Using the Shell Disorder Models: Reproducibility, Evolution, Spread, and

Gerard Kian-Meng Goh1, A Keith Dunker2, James A Foster3,4

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|October 27, 2022
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Summary

The shell disorder model links viral shell protein structure to COVID-19 contagiousness and virulence. Harder M protein correlates with contagiousness, while flexible N protein relates to virulence, supported by Omicron variant observations.

Keywords:
COVIDOmicronattenuationcoronavirusdisorderintrinsiclong COVIDnucleoproteinpangolinshellvariantvirulence

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The shell disorder model (SDM) proposes correlations between viral protein intrinsic disorder and pathogen characteristics.
  • COVID-19's membrane protein M (PIDM) and nucleocapsid protein N (PIDN) disorder levels are key to its behavior.
  • M protein shields the virus, while N protein disorder is linked to replication rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply the shell disorder model (SDM) to understand COVID-19 contagiousness and virulence.
  • To investigate the role of M and N protein disorder in SARS-CoV-2.
  • To explore the implications of viral structure on interspecies transmission and disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the shell disorder model (SDM) applied to COVID-19.
  • Correlation of M protein disorder (PIDM) with contagiousness and N protein disorder (PIDN) with virulence.
  • Evaluation of experimental observations, including Omicron variant distribution and pangolin coronavirus (CoV) loads.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of M protein in relation to bat and pangolin CoVs.

Main Results:

  • Lower PIDM (harder M protein) and higher PIDN (more flexible N protein) correlate with COVID-19 contagiousness and virulence, respectively.
  • Omicron variant distribution in lungs versus bronchi supports SDM predictions related to mucus.
  • Lower viral loads in pangolin-CoVs with low PIDN align with SDM predictions.
  • Phylogenetic analysis suggests Omicron's M protein links it to pangolin-CoVs, indicating interspecies transmission.

Conclusions:

  • The SDM provides a framework for understanding COVID-19's biological behavior.
  • Abnormally hard M protein in Omicron, possibly from pangolin exposure, may influence attenuation and interspecies transmission.
  • Hard M protein could have implications for long COVID-19, potentially hindering immune clearance.