Legumain Activity Is Controlled by Extended Active Site Residues and Substrate Conformation

Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine protease with strict specificity for cleaving after asparagine residues. By sequence comparison, legumain belongs to MEROPS clan CD of the cysteine proteases, which indicates its structural and mechanistic relation to caspases. Contrasting caspases, legumain harbors a pH-dependent ligase activity in addition to the protease activity. Although we already have a significant body of knowledge on the catalytic activities of legumain, many mechanistic details are still elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that extended active site residues and substrate conformation are steering legumain activities. Biochemical experiments and bioinformatics analysis showed that the catalytic Cys189 and His148 residues are regulated by sterically close Glu190, Ser215 and Asn42 residues. While Glu190 serves as an activity brake, Ser215 and Asn42 have a favorable effect on legumain protease activity. Mutagenesis studies using caspase-9 as model enzyme additionally showed that a similar Glu190 activity brake is also implemented in the caspases. Furthermore, we show that the substrate's conformational flexibility determines whether it will be hydrolyzed or ligated by legumain. The functional understanding of the extended active site residues and of substrate prerequisites will allow us to engineer proteases with increased enzymatic activity and better ligase substrates, with relevance for biotechnological applications.