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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Epigenetics and Pregnancy: Conditional Snapshot or Rolling Event.

Mariana Andrawus1, Lital Sharvit1, Gil Atzmon1

  • 1Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 27, 2022
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Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation impact maternal health during pregnancy. Understanding these changes is key to preventing long-term health issues and improving pregnancy outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Maternal-fetal medicine

Background:

  • Pregnancy involves significant physiological and molecular changes.
  • Environmental, behavioral, and hereditary factors influence maternal DNA methylation.
  • Epigenetic alterations can have lasting consequences on maternal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epigenetic modifications during pregnancy.
  • To explore links between DNA methylation and pregnancy outcomes.
  • To understand the interplay between environment, fetal genetics, and maternal epigenetics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic studies in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns.
  • Examination of molecular programming in pregnancy-related conditions.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism affected by pregnancy.
  • Epigenetic patterns are associated with conditions like gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia.
  • Interactions between maternal and fetal factors influence epigenetic programming.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic modifications are crucial in pregnancy-related health.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate environmental and genetic interactions.
  • Identifying epigenetic markers can aid in managing pregnancy complications.