Thermo-Optical Control of Raman Solitons in a Functionalized Silica Microsphere

The investigation of optical microcavity solitons is in demand both for applications and basic science. Despite the tremendous progress in the study of microresonator solitons, there is still no complete understanding of all features of their nonlinear dynamics in various regimes. Controlling soliton properties is also of great interest. We proposed and investigated experimentally and theoretically a simple and easily reproducible way to generate Raman solitons with controllable spectral width in an anomalous dispersion region in a functionalized silica microsphere with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) driven in a normal dispersion regime. To functionalize the microsphere, coating (TiO₂ + graphite powder) was applied at the pole. The coating is used for effective thermalization of the radiation of an auxiliary laser diode launched through the fiber stem holding the microsphere to control detuning of the pump frequency from exact resonance due to the thermo-optical shift of the WGM frequencies. We demonstrated that the thermo-optical control by changing the power of an auxiliary diode makes it possible to switch on/off the generation of Raman solitons and control their spectral width, as well as to switch Raman generation to multimode or single-mode. We also performed a detailed theoretical analysis based on the Raman-modified Lugiato-Lefever equation and explained peculiarities of intracavity nonlinear dynamics of Raman solitons. All experimental and numerically simulated results are in excellent agreement.