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Related Concept Videos

Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
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Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
 
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Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

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The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Transformation Kinetics of LiBH4-MgH2 for Hydrogen Storage.

Ou Jin1,2, Yuanyuan Shang3, Xiaohui Huang2

  • 1Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Adding 3TiCl3·AlCl3 to LiBH4-MgH2 reactive hydride composite improves hydrogen storage kinetics. The additive promotes MgB2 formation on TiB2 nanoparticles, enhancing dehydrogenation rates.

Keywords:
additivecrystallographyhydrogen storagephase transformationreactive hydride compositetransmission electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Reactive hydride composite (RHC) LiBH4-MgH2 is a promising hydrogen storage material.
  • Limited application due to poor dehydrogenation kinetics of MgB2 formation.
  • Additives can enhance hydrogen storage performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the MgB2 growth process with 3TiCl3·AlCl3 additive.
  • Understand the structural and kinetic effects of varying additive content.
  • Optimize additive concentration for improved dehydrogenation kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Kinetic measurements
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD)
  • Advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
  • Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) modeling

Main Results:

  • MgB2 formation preferentially occurs on TiB2 nanoparticles.
  • Reduced elastic strain energy at the MgB2-TiB2 interface (~4.7 × 10^7 J/m^3) compared to MgB2-Mg interface (~2.9 × 10^8 J/m^3).
  • JMAK equation accurately models MgB2 growth kinetics.
  • Shift in rate-controlling step from interface- to diffusion-controlled.
  • Change in MgB2 morphology from bar- to platelet-like.

Conclusions:

  • 3TiCl3·AlCl3 additive significantly enhances MgB2 nucleation and growth.
  • Optimal additive content for best dehydrogenation kinetics is between 2.5 and 5 mol%.
  • Understanding the interface effects and growth mechanisms is crucial for designing advanced hydrogen storage materials.