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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

9.1K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

606
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
2.1K
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

1.1K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

5.7K
Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
5.7K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

8.5K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

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Bioactive Platinum(IV) Complexes Incorporating Halogenated Phenylacetates.

Angelico D Aputen1, Maria George Elias1,2, Jayne Gilbert3

  • 1School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

New platinum(IV) complexes show potent anticancer activity, particularly against prostate and resistant ovarian cancer cells. Complexes 4 and 6, featuring fluoro- and bromo-phenylacetic acid ligands, demonstrate significant efficacy, outperforming cisplatin.

Keywords:
56MESSPHENSSROSchemotherapycisplatincytotoxicitylipophilicityphenylacetateplatinum(II)platinum(IV)

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid
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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid
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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Platinum-based drugs are mainstays in cancer chemotherapy.
  • Development of novel platinum complexes is crucial to overcome drug resistance and improve efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel platinum(IV) complexes with halogenated phenylacetic acid ligands.
  • To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of these complexes against a broad panel of human cancer cell lines, including drug-resistant variants.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of platinum(IV) complexes using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques.
  • In vitro cytotoxicity assays (GI50 determination) on multiple cancer cell lines (colon, glioblastoma, breast, ovarian, lung, prostate, neuroblastoma, pancreas).
  • Assessment of complex stability, solubility, lipophilicity, and reactive oxygen species production.

Main Results:

  • Complexes 4 (4-fluorophenylacetic acid) and 6 (4-bromophenylacetic acid) exhibited superior cytotoxic activity.
  • Complex 4 showed remarkable potency in Du145 prostate cancer cells (GI50 = 0.7 nM), significantly exceeding cisplatin and a lead complex.
  • Complex 4 demonstrated high efficacy against an ADDP-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (GI50 = 6 nM), vastly outperforming cisplatin.

Conclusions:

  • Novel platinum(IV) complexes possess significant in vitro anticancer potential.
  • Complexes 4 and 6 are promising candidates for further investigation as anticancer agents, especially for resistant cancers.
  • The halogenated phenylacetic acid ligands contribute to enhanced biological activity and potency.