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Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders.

Yao Jiang1, Di Zou1, Yumeng Li2

  • 1Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.

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Summary

This review explores the role of monoamine neurotransmitters in major depressive disorder (MDD), linking dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin to emotions and new pathways like inflammation and neurogenesis.

Keywords:
astrocytesbasic emotionsemotional arousalmajor depressive disordersmonoaminethree primary color

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis and treatment remain challenging due to incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology.
  • Current first-line MDD treatments target monoamine neurotransmitters, but mechanisms are complex and controversial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in monoamine neurotransmitter roles in MDD.
  • To update understanding of their effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotrophins, and neurogenesis, particularly in glial cells.
  • To extend the monoamine hypothesis to basic emotions (joy, fear, disgust) and explore their link to MDD.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent neuroscience studies on monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) in MDD.
  • Analysis of their influence on novel MDD pathways including inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis.
  • Exploration of the connection between monoamines, basic emotions, and MDD pathophysiology.

Main Results:

  • Monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) are implicated in MDD through various pathways, including glial cell function.
  • These neurotransmitters are linked to basic emotions: dopamine (joy), norepinephrine (fear/anger), and serotonin (disgust/sadness).
  • The review examines monoamine contributions from the digestive tract, astrocytes, and microglia in MDD.

Conclusions:

  • The monoamine hypothesis remains relevant for MDD, especially when considering its influence on inflammation, neurotrophins, and neurogenesis.
  • Understanding the distinct emotional roles of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin offers new perspectives on MDD.
  • This review highlights the potential and limitations of monoamine-based therapies for MDD, suggesting avenues for improved pharmacological management.