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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
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Flow Patterns and Particle Residence Times in the Oral Cavity during Inhaled Drug Delivery.

Brenda Vara Almirall1, Kiao Inthavong1, Kimberley Bradshaw2

  • 1Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Understanding particle deposition in the mouth-throat airway is crucial for effective pulmonary drug delivery. This study reveals that larger particles (>16 μm) deposit in the oropharynx, while smaller ones (7-16 μm) reach the larynx and trachea.

Keywords:
CFD modelingSBESoral cavityrespirationtargeted drug delivery

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Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models
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Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

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Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Pulmonary drug delivery aims for deep lung deposition, but particle impaction in the mouth-throat region is a major challenge.
  • Micron-sized particles are prone to deposition in the upper airway due to inertial forces at high flow rates.
  • Understanding mouth-throat particle aerodynamics is key to optimizing inhaled therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze particle aerodynamics and deposition patterns within a patient-specific mouth-throat model.
  • To identify particle size ranges susceptible to deposition in the upper airway, hindering pulmonary drug delivery.
  • To investigate airflow patterns influencing particle transport at a constant inhalation flow rate.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with a Discrete Phase Model (DPM) for particle tracking.
  • Developed a patient-specific mouth-throat model from MRI scans.
  • Simulated airflow at 30 L/min and introduced monodisperse particles (7-26 μm).

Main Results:

  • Particle deposition occurred within 0.5 seconds.
  • Particles >20 μm primarily deposited in the oropharynx.
  • Particles <12 μm dispersed throughout the oral cavity, with 7-16 μm particles reaching the larynx/trachea.

Conclusions:

  • Particle deposition location is highly dependent on particle size and airflow dynamics.
  • Optimal pulmonary drug delivery requires consideration of particle size to avoid oropharyngeal impaction.
  • This patient-specific model highlights size-dependent deposition patterns crucial for inhaled therapy design.