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Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
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Preplaced Aggregate Concrete01:29

Preplaced Aggregate Concrete

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Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
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Compacting Factor test01:22

Compacting Factor test

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The compacting factor test is a method used to assess the workability of concrete. It is  especially suitable for concrete mixes containing aggregates up to one and a half inches in size. This test involves specialized equipment consisting of two truncated cone-shaped hoppers and a cylinder, all with polished interior surfaces to minimize friction.
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Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate01:25

Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate

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Aggregate shape is classified based on the relative sharpness or roundness of the edges and corners. This classification includes categories like rounded, angular, elongated, and flaky, each with specific characteristics. Rounded aggregates, fully shaped by attrition, are typical of river or seashore gravel, while angular aggregates, such as crushed rock, have well-defined edges. Aggregates that are elongated and flaky are less desirable, as they can reduce the workability and strength of...
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Surface Modifiers on Composite Particles for Direct Compaction.

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Direct compaction (DC) is an effective tablet production method, but many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) fail due to poor properties. This review explores modifiers and co-processing technologies to enhance API tableting performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Technology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Direct compaction (DC) is a preferred tablet manufacturing method due to its efficiency.
  • Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) possess inadequate physicochemical properties for successful DC.
  • Limited API suitability for DC hinders efficient pharmaceutical production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and classify modifiers that enhance API tableting properties.
  • To explore co-processing technologies for creating composite excipients with improved functionality.
  • To discuss modification mechanisms and provide guidance on selecting optimal strategies for composite particle preparation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and classification of pharmaceutical modifiers.
  • Analysis of co-processing technologies for particle engineering.
  • Discussion of modification mechanisms and selection criteria.

Main Results:

  • Identified various modifiers and their combinations for improving API properties.
  • Classified co-processing techniques for developing functional composite particles.
  • Detailed modification mechanisms and selection strategies for enhanced tableting.

Conclusions:

  • Modifiers and co-processing are crucial for overcoming API limitations in direct compaction.
  • Strategic selection of modifiers and technologies enables the production of high-performance composite particles.
  • This review offers a framework for optimizing API tableting through particle modification.