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Related Concept Videos

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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Control Systems: Applications01:25

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Electrical engineering plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, with control systems at the heart of many applications, from home appliances to sophisticated space shuttles. Control systems manage and regulate the behavior of devices and processes, ensuring they function safely, correctly, and efficiently.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction
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CPACK: An Intelligent Cyber-Physical Access Control Kit for Protecting Network.

Haisheng Yu1,2, Zhixian Liu1, Sai Zou3

  • 1University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

CPACK offers a proactive approach to Access Control Lists (ACLs), enabling real-time updates for enhanced network and cyber-physical system security. This intelligent kit outperforms traditional reactive firewall methods.

Keywords:
Access Control List (ACL)ONOSSoftware-Defined Networking (SDN)floodlightsecurity

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Security
  • Cyber-Physical Systems

Background:

  • Access Control Lists (ACLs) are vital for network and cyber-physical system security.
  • Traditional firewalls enforce ACLs reactively, causing delays in applying updates.
  • Existing methods lack real-time responsiveness to ACL and network view changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce CPACK, an intelligent cyber-physical access control kit.
  • To enable proactive ACL enforcement and real-time reaction to updates.
  • To enhance the performance and responsiveness of network access control.

Main Methods:

  • Developed CPACK, an intelligent kit with a smart algorithm for upgrading ACLs.
  • Implemented CPACK on Floodlight and ONOS controllers.
  • Conducted comparative experiments against the Floodlight firewall application.

Main Results:

  • CPACK demonstrates superior performance compared to the Floodlight firewall application.
  • The system achieves real-time enforcement of ACL and network view updates.
  • CPACK was successfully integrated into updated versions of Floodlight and ONOS.

Conclusions:

  • CPACK provides a proactive and efficient solution for ACL management in network and cyber-physical systems.
  • The intelligent kit significantly improves upon traditional reactive firewall approaches.
  • CPACK enhances system security and responsiveness through real-time update capabilities.