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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
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Validating Confined Flame Noise Simulation Using External Sensor.

Andrew J Williamson1, Shubham Srivastava2, Khaled A Sallam1

  • 1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

External microphones can validate simulations of combustion noise in confined spaces. This study confirmed that external sensor data accurately matched Large Eddy Simulation/Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings predictions for noise amplitude and frequency.

Keywords:
acoustic analogyacousticscombustionfurnacenoise

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Area of Science:

  • Combustion acoustics
  • Computational fluid dynamics
  • Aeroacoustics

Background:

  • Lean premixed combustion enhances efficiency and reduces emissions but increases noise.
  • Higher turbulence and mixing fluctuations in lean premixed flames lead to elevated noise levels.
  • Accurate simulation of combustion noise in confined spaces is crucial for noise reduction strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate computational aeroacoustics (CAA) simulations of confined combustion noise using external sensor measurements.
  • To compare the predictive accuracy of Large Eddy Simulation (LES)/Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) and Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS)/FWH methods.
  • To assess the feasibility of using externally placed sensors for validating confined flame noise simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements using a laboratory-scale furnace and an external microphone.
  • Numerical simulations in OpenFOAM employing Partially Stirred Reactor (PaSR) model.
  • Hybrid CAA approach combining LES/FWH and URANS/FWH methods for noise prediction.

Main Results:

  • External sensor data showed strong agreement with LES/FWH simulation results.
  • Validation confirmed accuracy in predicting the amplitude and frequency of the primary combustion noise peak.
  • Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL) predictions were also consistent with sensor measurements.

Conclusions:

  • External microphones are effective tools for validating confined flame noise simulations.
  • The LES/FWH method provides accurate predictions for combustion noise characteristics.
  • External sensing can be a practical approach for validating complex combustion acoustics models despite acoustic reflections.