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Quantum limits of position-sensitive photodiodes.

E Fradgley, C French, L Rushton

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    Lateral effect photodiodes offer superior signal-to-noise ratio for measuring Gaussian beam displacement compared to split photodiodes, especially under shot-noise-limited conditions. This quantum advantage is achievable despite inherent thermal noise.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Quantum Metrology
    • Optical Sensing

    Background:

    • Split photodiodes and lateral effect photodiodes are common detectors for optical beam displacement measurement.
    • These detectors are often considered interchangeable for small Gaussian beam displacements.
    • Signal quality is crucial, particularly in low-noise environments dominated by fundamental shot noise.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically and experimentally compare the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lateral effect photodiodes and split photodiodes.
    • To investigate detector performance in the shot-noise-limited regime for Gaussian beam displacement.
    • To assess the practical viability of lateral effect photodiodes considering their thermal noise.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of photodiode responses to Gaussian beam displacement.
    • Experimental measurements of beam displacement using both detector types.
    • Analysis of signal-to-noise ratio under low technical noise conditions, focusing on shot noise.

    Main Results:

    • Lateral effect photodiodes demonstrate a superior signal-to-noise ratio compared to split photodiodes.
    • This advantage is attributed to the optimal spatial response of the lateral effect photodiode.
    • The quantum advantage persists even when considering the intrinsic thermal noise of the lateral effect photodiode.

    Conclusions:

    • Lateral effect photodiodes provide a quantum advantage in SNR for beam displacement sensing over split photodiodes.
    • This improved performance is significant in shot-noise-limited scenarios.
    • The practical application of lateral effect photodiodes is feasible for enhanced optical metrology.