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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetics and Wave Propagation
    • Antenna Theory and Design
    • Materials Science for RF Applications

    Background:

    • Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology offers planar integration advantages for microwave circuits.
    • Leaky-wave antennas provide continuous beam scanning capabilities.
    • Liquid crystals (LCs) exhibit tunable dielectric properties, enabling reconfigurable RF devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and analyze an original liquid crystal (LC)-based substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna.
    • To demonstrate fixed-frequency continuous beam steering using LC permittivity tuning.
    • To evaluate the antenna's performance metrics, including gain, bandwidth, and robustness.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of an SIW leaky-wave antenna incorporating an LC-filled stripline resonator.
    • Utilizing complementary electric inductive-capacitive (cELC) resonators for coupling the guided mode to free space.
    • Applying a quasi-DC bias voltage to the stripline to modulate the LC permittivity.
    • Conducting electromagnetic simulations to analyze beam steering range, gain, and bandwidth.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a fixed-frequency continuous beam steering range of 52° (from -28° to 24°) at 25.85 GHz.
    • Demonstrated wide-angle scanning by tuning the LC permittivity via applied bias voltage.
    • Observed high realized gain with minimal degradation (<1 dB) across the scanning range.
    • Confirmed relatively wide bandwidth and good tolerance to frequency drift and fabrication errors.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed LC-based SIW leaky-wave antenna enables efficient, wide-angle beam steering at a fixed frequency.
    • Tunable LC permittivity is an effective method for achieving dynamic beam control in SIW antennas.
    • The antenna design shows promise for applications requiring reconfigurable radiation patterns with high performance.