Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:24

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. However, amino acids cannot catalyze oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions and need to be aided by non-protein components called cofactors. Cofactors are also referred to as the chemical teeth of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be metallic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These types of helper...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The UV filter benzophenone 3, alters early follicular assembly in rat whole ovary cultures.

Toxicology letters·2019
Same author

Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.

European journal of clinical nutrition·2012
Same author

Sex-dependent components of the analgesia produced by athletic competition.

The journal of pain·2003
Same author

Collagen remodelling in the guinea-pig uterine cervix at term is associated with a decrease in progesterone receptor expression.

Molecular human reproduction·2003
Same author

A new stain for identification of avian leukocytes.

Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission·2002
Same author

Relaxin has a minor role in rat mammary gland growth and differentiation during pregnancy.

Endocrine·2002

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
09:56

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Published on: August 18, 2017

William B. Castle and intrinsic factor.

L Kass

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |December 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    William B. Castle

    More Related Videos

    The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
    06:34

    The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

    Published on: April 28, 2022

    A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
    11:30

    A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

    Published on: June 2, 2022

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

    In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
    09:56

    In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

    Published on: August 18, 2017

    The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
    06:34

    The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

    Published on: April 28, 2022

    A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
    11:30

    A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

    Published on: June 2, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Medical History

    Background:

    • Pernicious anemia was a fatal disorder before understanding its cause.
    • William B. Castle's work in the 1920s identified intrinsic factor.
    • Castle's research linked nutritional factors to disease pathogenesis.

    Discussion:

    • Castle's discovery provided the first viable theory for pernicious anemia's cause.
    • His work exemplified the era's focus on "missing substance" therapies.
    • Contemporary analysis highlights the ingenuity in Castle's research methods.

    Key Insights:

    • Intrinsic factor is crucial for vitamin B12 absorption.
    • Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to pernicious anemia.
    • Castle's research laid the foundation for modern hematology.

    Outlook:

    • Understanding intrinsic factor revolutionized anemia treatment.
    • Further research continues to explore related gastrointestinal disorders.
    • Castle's legacy emphasizes meticulous scientific inquiry.