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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Generation of Genomic Deletions in Mammalian Cell Lines via CRISPR/Cas9
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Stealing genes and facing consequences.

Ricky Padilla Del Valle1, Richard N McLaughlin1

  • 1Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human genome harbors a viral gene that fights viruses. This ancient genetic element, integrated into our DNA, offers natural protection against viral infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The human genome contains numerous endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs).
  • Some ERVs have been domesticated and acquired beneficial functions for the host.
  • The evolutionary origins and functional significance of many ERVs remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of a specific domesticated viral envelope gene in the human genome.
  • To determine the antiviral activity of this gene.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of human genome sequences to identify the viral gene.
  • Expression analysis to confirm gene presence in human cells.
  • In vitro assays to test antiviral activity against relevant viruses.

Main Results:

  • A domesticated viral envelope gene, derived from an ancient retroviral ancestor, was identified in the human genome.
  • This gene is expressed in human cells and localizes to the cell membrane.
  • The gene product demonstrated significant antiviral activity, inhibiting viral entry and replication.

Conclusions:

  • The human genome possesses a functional antiviral defense mechanism derived from a domesticated viral gene.
  • This finding sheds light on the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts.
  • The domesticated viral gene represents a potential target for novel antiviral therapies.