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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes01:30

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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Introduction to Epidemiology01:26

Introduction to Epidemiology

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Epidemiology, known as the cornerstone of public health, involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in defined populations and applying these insights to control health issues. This is essential for understanding how diseases spread, identifying populations at greater risk, and implementing measures to control or prevent outbreaks. Epidemiology addresses not only infectious diseases but also non-communicable conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease,...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

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[Lyme Disease - Epidemiology and Pathophysiology].

Yonas Martin1, Stefan Zimmerli1

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Infektiologie, Inselspital, Universität Bern, Schweiz.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Lyme disease, a tick-borne illness caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is spreading in Europe. Vaccines show promise for future prevention against this zoonotic disease.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Lyme disease is a zoonotic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
  • The primary vector in Europe is the Ixodes ricinus tick, which transmits the pathogen through blood meals.
  • Infected ticks acquire Borrelia burgdorferi from various animal hosts.

Purpose:

  • To describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of Lyme disease.
  • To explain the transmission dynamics and host-pathogen interactions.
  • To discuss the expanding geographic range of infected ticks and future prevention strategies.

Summary:

  • Borrelia burgdorferi undergoes phenotypic changes in response to tick saliva, facilitating its migration and survival in vertebrate hosts.
  • Both tick saliva and bacterial surface proteins offer immune evasion mechanisms.

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  • Hematogenous dissemination and spirochete motility aid in pathogen spread, with specific host-pathogen interactions influencing tissue tropism.

    • Impact:

    • Lyme disease cases remain stable in Switzerland, but infected tick populations are expanding, potentially due to climate change.
    • Understanding transmission and host-pathogen interactions is crucial for disease control.
    • Development of multivalent, protein-based vaccines offers a promising future strategy for Lyme disease prevention.