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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Varicose Veins I: Introduction01:26

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
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Infertility in Females01:28

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach
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Varicocele: An Endocrinological Perspective.

Giuseppe Bellastella1, Raffaela Carotenuto1, Francesco Caiazzo1

  • 1Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.

Frontiers in Reproductive Health
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Varicocele can cause hormonal imbalances in men, affecting testosterone, FSH, LH, and other hormones. Further research is needed to clarify these hormonal changes and guide treatment for infertile men with varicocele.

Keywords:
androgengonadotropinshormonestestosteronevaricocele

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Andrology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Varicocele affects 15% of males and is common in infertile patients.
  • While its impact on fertility is known, the link to hormonal production is unclear.
  • Existing literature shows conflicting hormonal findings in varicocele patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and explain hormonal alterations in varicocele patients.
  • To investigate potential cause-effect relationships between varicocele and hormonal changes.
  • To contribute to the clinical management of varicocele.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review using common search engines.
  • Analysis of studies reporting hormonal status in varicocele patients.
  • Evaluation of documented cause-effect relationships.

Main Results:

  • Contradictory findings on testosterone, FSH, and LH levels.
  • Some studies report decreased dihydrotestosterone due to reduced 5-α-reductase activity.
  • Lower Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Inhibin-B suggest decreased Sertoli cell function.
  • Higher 17-OH-progesterone linked to potential C-17,20-lyase deficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Varicocele can lead to hormonal alterations, possibly due to underlying testicular defects.
  • Impaired free sexual steroid levels are observed in some varicocele patients.
  • Multicenter, randomized studies are essential to clarify hormonal features and guide clinical evaluation and treatment.