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Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
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The gastric mucosa produces prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), crucial in maintaining gastric health. They exert cytoprotective effects, including increasing bicarbonate secretion, releasing protective mucin, reducing gastric acid output, and preventing harmful vasoconstriction. These effects are mediated through various receptors, such as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Luteal Phase Support Using Subcutaneous Progesterone: A Systematic Review.

Alessandro Conforti1, Luigi Carbone1, Giuseppe Gabriele Iorio1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Frontiers in Reproductive Health
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Subcutaneous progesterone is a viable option for luteal phase support (LPS) in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles, showing non-inferiority in fresh IVF cycles but mixed results in frozen embryo transfer cycles.

Keywords:
assisted reproductive technologyin-vitro fertilizationluteal phase defectluteal phase supportovulation inductionprogesteronesubcutaneous progesteronesystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Background:

  • Luteal phase support (LPS) is essential in ART, particularly when luteal phase deficiency occurs due to supraphysiological steroid levels affecting luteinizing hormone (LH).
  • Various medications and administration routes exist for LPS, allowing for personalized treatment strategies.

Approach:

  • A systematic review of Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Embase databases (inception to November 2020) was conducted.
  • The review prioritized randomized controlled trials (RCTs) but also included case-control and cohort studies.
  • Evidence on subcutaneous progesterone for LPS in ART was evaluated, focusing on efficacy, acceptance, and limitations.

Key Points:

  • Subcutaneous progesterone demonstrated non-inferiority to vaginal products for LPS in fresh IVF cycles among women with good prognosis.
  • Efficacy data for subcutaneous progesterone in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles are mixed, with a noted increase in miscarriage rates in oocyte donor recipients.
  • Patient acceptance of the subcutaneous route appears encouraging compared to the vaginal route, despite variations in assessment methods.

Conclusions:

  • Subcutaneous progesterone presents a potential alternative route for LPS in ART.
  • Further research, including cost-effective analyses, is needed to fully establish its role, especially in FET cycles.