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Low-density granulocytes in systemic autoimmunity and autoinflammation.

Carmelo Carmona-Rivera1, Mariana J Kaplan1

  • 1Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Low-density granulocytes (LDGs) are a distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils. This review examines their role in systemic autoimmune diseases and their association with vascular damage.

Keywords:
autoimmunityinnate immunityneutrophilssystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neutrophils were historically viewed as a homogenous cell population.
  • Emerging evidence highlights neutrophil heterogeneity, particularly the identification of low-density granulocytes (LDGs).
  • LDGs are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence on the biology of LDGs.
  • To explore the putative pathogenic role of LDGs in systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • To discuss the challenges in identifying LDGs and their shared features across different inflammatory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neutrophils and LDGs.
  • Analysis of transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and functional data.
  • Examination of studies investigating LDGs in SLE and other autoimmune diseases.

Main Results:

  • LDGs represent a distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils.
  • LDGs are implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE and potentially other systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • A common feature of LDGs across diseases is their association with vascular damage.

Conclusions:

  • LDGs are a heterogeneous neutrophil subset with a proinflammatory phenotype.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize LDGs and their specific markers across various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
  • Understanding LDGs' role is crucial for addressing vascular damage and improving patient outcomes in chronic inflammatory diseases.