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Louise Aas Holm1, Mette K Andersen1, Torben Hansen1,2

  • 1Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Københavns Universitet.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
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Obesity genetics reveal its complex biology, influenced by rare mutations or multiple small genetic variants. This review covers genetic insights into obesity across different ages and ethnicities, moving beyond BMI to related traits and biomarkers.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Obesity is a complex, heterogeneous condition with a significant genetic component, estimated between 40-70% heritability.
  • Understanding obesity genetics is crucial for unraveling its complex biology, which can involve single rare mutations or cumulative effects of multiple small genetic variants.
  • Current research is expanding beyond traditional measures like Body Mass Index (BMI) to explore a wider range of obesity-related factors.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on obesity genetics, focusing on variations across different age groups and ethnic populations.
  • It examines advancements in genetic research technologies that enable a deeper understanding of obesity.
  • The review explores how genetic insights are being translated to investigate adipocyte biology and identify relevant biomarkers.

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Key Points:

  • Genetic factors play a substantial role in obesity, with varying contributions from single large-effect mutations to polygenic influences.
  • Obesity genetics research is increasingly incorporating age and ethnicity as critical factors influencing genetic predispositions and manifestations.
  • Technological advancements are facilitating a shift towards analyzing obesity-related traits, adipocyte function, and biomarkers for improved clinical relevance.

Conclusions:

  • Genetics significantly contributes to the heterogeneity of obesity, offering insights into its complex biological underpinnings.
  • Future clinical practice may benefit from a more nuanced understanding of obesity genetics, incorporating age, ethnicity, and novel biomarkers.
  • Continued research into obesity genetics promises to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this multifaceted condition.