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Related Concept Videos

Cycloalkanes02:28

Cycloalkanes

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Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding acyclic alkane; therefore, their general formula is CnH2n. The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are simplified using the line-angle representation. The regular polygons are used to represent the cycloalkane rings, with each side representing a carbon-carbon bond.
The IUPAC nomenclature of cycloalkanes follows similar rules that apply to...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

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Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
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PubChem 2023 update.

Sunghwan Kim1, Jie Chen1, Tiejun Cheng1

  • 1National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.

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PubChem, a chemical information resource, has been updated with over 120 new data sources, including Google Patents. New features enhance access to chemical data for cell lines, taxons, and programmatic queries.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cheminformatics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • PubChem is a widely used chemical information resource.
  • Recent updates aim to expand its data coverage and accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of significant changes and new features implemented in PubChem over the past two years.
  • To highlight enhancements in data integration, collection development, and programmatic access.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of data from over 120 new sources.
  • Development of new data collections (Cell Line, Taxonomy).
  • Updates to the bioassay data model and programmatic access protocols (PUG-REST, PUG-View).

Main Results:

  • Expanded PubChem Patent data collection through Google Patents integration.
  • Established Cell Line and Taxonomy data collections for targeted chemical information retrieval.
  • Introduced new functionalities in PUG-REST and PUG-View for programmatic access, including target-centric downloads and structure standardization.
  • Significant updates to PubChemRDF.

Conclusions:

  • PubChem has undergone substantial enhancements, improving its utility as a comprehensive chemical information resource.
  • The recent updates provide researchers with more extensive data and advanced tools for chemical and biological research.