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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Passenger pathogens on physicians.

Christopher Ronald Funk1, Sruthi Ravindranathan1, Alex Matelski2

  • 1Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.

American Journal of Infection Control
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physician items like stethoscopes harbor bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes, increasing infection risk for transplant patients. Enhanced cleaning protocols and antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for infection prevention.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance on physician itemsAntimicrobial resistance genesInfection prevention policyMicrobes on physician items

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a major threat to patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  • Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) spread horizontally, contributing to multidrug-resistant infections in vulnerable patient populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes on commonly used physician items.
  • To assess the microbial contamination of personal and professional items used by physicians at an academic bone marrow transplantation center.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome DNA sequencing (WGS) was employed to analyze items including physician badges, stethoscopes, shoe soles, and smartphones from six physicians.
  • Collected data were analyzed for the presence of specific antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes.

Main Results:

  • A diverse microbial community was identified, including 1,126 bacterial species, 495 bacteriophages, 91 DNA viruses, and 175 fungal species.
  • All examined items harbored bacteria possessing antibiotic and/or antiseptic resistance genes.
  • Stethoscopes exhibited the highest frequency of antibiotic resistance and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Physician examination tools and personal items can carry potentially pathogenic microbes, posing a risk for HAI transmission.
  • Infection prevention strategies must incorporate enhanced cleaning of examination tools and provider education.
  • The prevalence of ARGs highlights the need for robust antimicrobial stewardship, particularly for immunocompromised patients.