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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts
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Genomic imbalance modulates transposable element expression in maize.

Hua Yang1, Xiaowen Shi1, Chen Chen2

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.

Plant Communications
|October 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Genomic imbalance in maize affects transposable elements (TEs), with most aneuploidies showing inverse TE modulation. This response, driven by regulatory machinery upset, differs from ploidy changes and doesn't amplify gene expression changes.

Keywords:
Class I and II TEsaneuploidygenome imbalancepolyploidytransposable element expression

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Genomic imbalance causes severe phenotypic effects.
  • Previous maize studies show inverse gene modulation with chromosome changes.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) are a significant genome fraction, and their response to imbalance is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Analyze transposable element (TE) expression in response to genomic imbalance in maize.
  • Compare TE modulation with gene modulation under aneuploidy and ploidy.
  • Investigate if TE upregulation exacerbates gene expression changes.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis.
  • Studied aneuploidy and ploidy series in maize.
  • Compared differential expression of TEs and genes.

Main Results:

  • Most aneuploidies showed inverse TE modulation; monosomy decreased, disomy/trisomy increased TE expression.
  • Ploidy series exhibited minimal TE modulation.
  • TEs showed greater modulation than genes, particularly in disomy.
  • Class I and II TEs were differentially modulated.
  • Upregulated TEs in disomies did not increase adjacent gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic imbalance, specifically aneuploidy, triggers prevalent inverse TE modulation in maize.
  • TE modulation likely stems from stoichiometric disruption of regulatory machinery.
  • TE modulations do not compound effects on adjacent gene expression in aneuploidy.