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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
06:51

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Published on: June 7, 2012

Estradiol medicated IUDs: release and influence on menstruation pattern.

J Kleinhout, H de Nijs, M Thiery

    Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception
    |March 1, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study found no significant difference in bleeding intensity or duration among women using three types of intrauterine devices (IUDs). The IUDs tested included MLCu250 alone and with two different estradiol release rates.

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    Published on: June 7, 2012

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    Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis
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    Published on: September 1, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Health
    • Gynecology
    • Contraception

    Background:

    • Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are effective reversible contraceptives.
    • Hormonal components are sometimes added to IUDs to modulate side effects.
    • Bleeding patterns are a common concern with IUD use.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the effects of different estradiol-releasing intrauterine devices on bleeding patterns.
    • To evaluate if added estradiol influences bleeding intensity or duration compared to a standard IUD.

    Main Methods:

    • A double-blind clinical trial was conducted.
    • Ninety women participated in the study.
    • Three types of IUDs were assessed: MLCu250, MLCu250 + low-dose estradiol, and MLCu250 + high-dose estradiol.

    Main Results:

    • No statistically significant differences were observed in the intensity of bleeding.
    • No statistically significant differences were observed in the duration of bleeding.
    • All tested IUDs demonstrated similar bleeding profiles.

    Conclusions:

    • Adding estradiol to the MLCu250 IUD did not alter bleeding intensity or duration.
    • The tested estradiol-releasing IUDs do not offer an advantage over the standard MLCu250 IUD regarding bleeding patterns.
    • Further research may explore other hormonal effects or different IUD formulations.