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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model
Published on: April 18, 2011
The Inflamma-type: a patient phenotype characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response after lower extremity
Cale A Jacobs1, Zachary M Olsen2, Lucas S Marchand2
1Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 20 Patriot Pl, Foxborough, MA, 02035, USA. cjacobs@bwh.harvard.edu.
Abstract:
Synovial fluid was collected from 113 patients who had suffered tibial plateau (n = 48), tibial plafond (n = 29), or rotational ankle fractures (n = 36). Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MMP-1, -3, and -13 were quantified using multiplex assays. A cluster analysis of synovial fluid biomarker concentrations was performed. Patient demographics, fracture type, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and biomarker concentrations were compared between clusters. A subset of patients demonstrated a dysregulated inflammatory response after articular fracture including elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and degradative enzymes previously linked to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
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