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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Functional Groups01:19

Overview of Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...
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Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups

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Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.  
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn...
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

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Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b),...
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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How are Hydroxyl Groups Localized on a Graphene Sheet?

Thoa Thi Tran1, Tuan Chi Vu1, Hung Van Hoang1

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Computational Science, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi10000, Vietnam.

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Summary

Hydroxyl groups on graphene preferentially form ring-like structures, influencing graphene oxide properties. This arrangement impacts electronic properties and hydrogen bonding in functionalized graphene materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) is a key derivative of graphene, crucial for various applications.
  • Understanding the precise arrangement of functional groups on graphene sheets is vital for controlling GO properties.
  • Previous studies have explored GO functionalization, but detailed atomic-level arrangements of hydroxyl groups remain an area of interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the adsorption configurations of hydroxyl groups on graphene sheets.
  • To elucidate the role of van der Waals interactions in hydroxyl group arrangement.
  • To correlate theoretical findings with experimental observations of graphene oxide structure and properties.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to model hydroxyl group adsorption on graphene.
  • Van der Waals interactions were explicitly included in the computational models.
  • Analysis of binding energies, hydrogen bonding, band gaps, and density of states (DOS) was performed.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxyl groups exhibit a strong tendency to adsorb at para-positions, forming stable, ring-like hexahydroxyl structures.
  • The calculated proximity of hydroxyl groups aligns with experimental observations of distinct oxidized and unoxidized regions in GO.
  • Hydrogen bonding, including O-H···O and O-H···π interactions, was identified, influencing structural stability.
  • A logarithmic relationship was found between binding energy per hydroxyl group and the number of adsorbed groups.
  • Several graphene derivatives showed an opening of the band gap, with a non-monotonic dependence on the O/C ratio.
  • Density of states analysis revealed that electronic bands near the Fermi level are primarily composed of carbon and oxygen 2p orbitals.

Conclusions:

  • The preferential para-positioning of hydroxyl groups leads to ordered adsorption patterns on graphene.
  • These theoretical findings provide a molecular-level explanation for the macroscopic structure and properties of graphene oxide.
  • The study highlights the significant impact of hydroxyl group arrangement and hydrogen bonding on the electronic properties of functionalized graphene.