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Neural differences between internal and external episodic counterfactual thoughts.

Ari Khoudary1,2, Kevin O'Neill1,3, Leonard Faul1,3

  • 1Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Levine Science Research Center, 308 Research Drive, C03E, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|October 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Imagining how past negative events could have been better (upward episodic counterfactual thoughts) involves distinct brain networks. Internal and external upward thoughts recruit different brain regions beyond the default mode network.

Keywords:
autobiographical memorydefault mode networkepisodic counterfactual thinkingfunctional neuroimagingperceived control

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Episodic counterfactual thoughts (eCFT) involve imagining alternative past outcomes.
  • Upward eCFT focuses on improving negative experiences, either through internal actions or external circumstances.
  • Previous research linked the default mode network (DMN) to upward eCFT, but distinctions between internal and external forms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential neural recruitment during internal versus external upward episodic counterfactual thoughts (eCFT).
  • To identify brain regions supporting the generation and plausibility assessment of different types of upward eCFT.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to collect brain activity data.
  • Participants engaged in recalling negative autobiographical memories and generating internal or external upward eCFT.
  • Subjective ratings of plausibility, perceived control, and difficulty were collected for each eCFT type.

Main Results:

  • Both internal and external upward eCFT activated midline cingulate cortex within the DMN.
  • Distinct brain regions outside the DMN were recruited: cuneus, angular gyrus, and precuneus for external eCFT; posterior cingulate and precentral gyrus for internal eCFT.
  • Neural activity in the angular gyrus and precuneus correlated with the plausibility of external eCFT, while postcentral gyrus and insula activity correlated with the plausibility of internal eCFT.

Conclusions:

  • Upward eCFT involves a complex interplay of DMN and non-DMN brain regions.
  • Internal and external upward eCFT are supported by partially distinct neural substrates.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the neural basis of mental simulations, potentially including maladaptive forms.