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Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research

Published on: June 10, 2025

Sharing resources to advance translational research.

Kirsty M Hooper¹, Julija Hmeljak¹

¹The Company of Biologists, Bidder Building, Station Road, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9LF, UK.

Disease Models & Mechanisms

|October 31, 2022

Summary

Disseminating novel research resources accelerates human disease studies. Disease Models & Mechanisms (DMM) highlights outstanding resource papers to advance health.

Keywords:

Disease modelling Human disease Resource articles

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Area of Science:

Biomedical research
Scientific publishing
Resource development

Background:

Resource articles are vital for sharing novel tools, techniques, disease models, and datasets.
Global accessibility of knowledge and resources supports human disease research.
Accelerating the translation of discoveries into effective treatments and diagnostics is a key goal.

Discussion:

Disease Models & Mechanisms (DMM) is introducing an 'Outstanding Resource Paper Prize'.
This initiative aims to promote and recognize excellence in publishing resource articles.
The prize celebrates impactful contributions to human health research.

Key Insights:

Publication of enhanced research resources is critical for scientific progress.
Collaborative sharing of tools and data speeds up biomedical discoveries.
Recognizing outstanding resource papers incentivizes high-quality contributions.

Outlook:

The DMM 'Outstanding Resource Paper Prize' will foster innovation in resource development.
Highlighting exemplary resource articles can inspire future research endeavors.
Continued focus on resource dissemination will benefit human health outcomes.